There are basically two ways to create new networks:

1. Based on the references of a given paper ('source article'). This could be a review or just an interesting paper you'd like to dig into deeper. Either click the + button at the top right and enter the digital object identifier (DOI) of the source article or use the bookmarklet described below.
2. The second way to create a new network is with a custom list of IDs. Either click the + button at the top right and then 'Enter custom list of IDs instead', or scan a plain text file for DOIs, which allows you to create your own unique lists of Seed Articles. For example, this could be a .ris / .bib file exported by your reference manager (e.g. Zotero or EndNote). In theory, you can scan any plain text file (PDFs and Microsoft Office files don't work). However, due to the multitude of characters allowed in DOIs, the system might not catch all of them correctly (see this blog post by Crossref for more explanation).

Up to 5 tabs can be open at the same time, representing a different local citation network each. Only one query can be processed at a time, which is why some buttons are disabled when a query is still going on. The APIs can return errors when they're overloaded, the reference list is too long or your search frequency too high.

Networks can be saved with the 'download full network as JSON' link above the tables. These files can be shared and reloaded through the 'File' button at the top right.

A bookmarklet is a small JavaScript program that can be saved as a bookmark in your browser. This particular bookmarklet allows you to open a new network in Local Citation Network directly when surfing many journals' websites (e.g. Nature, Science, Lancet, …) with the advantage that the original order of references is preserved. Save the following link as a bookmark (e.g. by dragging it to your bookmarks bar) and then click on it when reading an article: Open in Local Citation Network

The bookmarklet is particularly useful when you want to use Local Citation Network as a 'second screen' when you are reading a paper, showing you its references in the correct order and allowing you to view their abstracts and to identify seminal articles as well as additional suggested articles. When using the bookmarklet, the reference list is scanned directly from the website, thus preserving the original order of references.

PubMed is also supported by the bookmarklet, giving access to a vast number of biomedical papers. Before clicking the bookmarklet, scroll down on the paper page (e.g. this one) and click "Show all X references". Make sure to use the OpenAlex (OA) or Semantic Scholar (S2) APIs , as they are supporting PubMed IDs (PMIDs).

Unfortunately, not all journals' websites are supported. If you know how to code, check out the code of the bookmarklet on GitHub and extend it to support more journals! In this light it might be worth updating the bookmark in your browser from time to time to benefit from possible improvements.

'Top Cited' are the most cited references by the Seed Articles that are still missing in their set. In order to create the local citation network, this web apps attempts to retrieve reference-lists from all Seed Articles (usually some are missed, see completeness) and then orders these references by the number of incoming local citations (see network). Some of these references might be among the Seed Articles, depending on how connected they are. However, some of them usually aren't among the Seed Articles and then become 'Top Cited'.

Keep in mind that because of the nature of this approach, 'Top Cited' are generally older than the Seed Articles. This can help identifying seminal papers of the field but not newer state-of-the-art research. In order to identify newer articles, see 'Top Citing'.

'Top Cited' are derived through direct backward citation searching (backward in time).

'Top Citing' are citing the most Seed Articles. They are generally newer than the Seed Articles. Local Citation Network currently supports this feature with the APIs of OpenAlex (OA) and Semantic Scholar (S2).

'Top Citing' are derived through direct forward citation searching (forward in time).

Local Citation Network can also be used for direct citation searching , a growing supplementary search technique for systematic reviews. It is recommended for example in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies). For backward citation searching, select 'Retrieve Cited: All' and for forward citation searching use OpenAlex (OA) or Semantic Scholar (S2) and select 'Retrieve Citing: All' in the API Options (button indicating 'OA / S2 / CR' in the top-right-menu).

Retrieving all articles can take a while, dependent on the number of Seed Articles - especially "All Citing" can easily require 10s of thousands of articles. For OpenAlex, the progress bar may seem still for long times due to batch loading. Once completed, you can export all data (de-duplicated) as CSV or RIS files through the 'export articles' link above the tables and process them in your reference manager (e.g. Zotero).

Results can be compared with for example citationchaser, a popular tool for direct citation searching using the Lens. I wanted to implement the Lens a while ago into Local Citation Network but could not do it as their APIs do not allow CORS requests.

Zoom by scrolling and pan by dragging. Each node (= vertex) represents an article. They are ordered by year from top (newer) to bottom (older), with each year colored differently. Alternatively, nodes can also be colored by the article's journal in 'network settings'. The size of the nodes depends on the sum 'Cited', the number of incoming local citations the paper received from the Seed Articles, and 'Citing', the number of Seed Articles they cite (outgoing local citations). The numbers of local citations are not always proportional to the numbers of global citations. Seed Articles are circle-shaped (●), except for the source article (if applicable), which is diamond-shaped (◆). Up-pointing triangles (▲) represent 'Top Cited', which are cited by the Seed Articles. Down-pointing triangles (▼) are 'Top Citing', which are citing the Seed Articles.

Each edge (= link / arrow) represents a reference and citation at the same time: They are references (=outgoing citations) for their source nodes and (incoming) citations for their target nodes. Usually papers can only cite older papers, hence edges tend to point downwards (or sidewards for citations of the same year). Technically a citation network is a directed acyclic graph.

This 'local' co-authorship network shows the most common authors among the Seed Articles. Depending on the discipline, the number of (co)authors among a set of multiple articles can quickly rise to the hundreds, which is why this author network only shows authors with a minimum number of Seed Articles (not to be mistaken with their global number of publications, which is usually higher). The default minimum number of Seed Articles is determined so that this network shows no more than 50 authors, but it can be changed with the dropdown at the bottom.

Each node (= vertex) represents an author. Their size depends on their number of seed articles and their color depends on the first or last seed article they co-authored. Authors of the source article (if applicable) are diamond-shaped (◆). Click authors to filter articles-tables, ctrl+click to filter for more than one author. Drag nodes to rearrange them.

Each edge (= link) represents a collaboration between two authors among the seed articles, the width indicating the number of seed articles. Click edges to filter articles-tables.

Open the API Options and switch the API with the button indicating 'OA / S2 / CR' in the top-right menu.

OpenAlex (OA) is fast, has high coverage, serves most abstracts and provides both citations. It also serves a flag for retracted papers, which can be seen here for example (it can be missing though).

Semantic Scholar (S2) has high coverage, serves most abstracts and provides citations. In addition, it allows accurate estimation of the reference-list completeness. However, it can be slower and has a rate limit.

Crossref (CR) usually returns reference lists in their original order (you can use the bookmarklet for other APIs). Also, it allows for an accurate estimation of the reference-list completeness, it's usually very fast and can handle fairly large input lists. Crossref is a not-for-profit organization that collects metadata from scholarly journals and publications. However, it does not provide citations.

Thanks to the formidable Initiative for Open Citations (I4OC), the coverage of all of these services has increased vastly. However, some journals still do not support these ideals - feel free to write them, in case you find one!

When activated, this option caches your recent networks (up to 5 tabs) and your preferred API locally in your browser in the so-called localStorage. When you revisit this web app, you can pick up where you left. When deactivated, this data is deleted. See privacy.

I've tested with the current version of Firefox (as of November 2022), but this web app should also run in current versions of Safari, Edge and Chrome. Microsoft Internet Explorer is not supported. This web app is meant for desktop use and not optimized for smartphones, which have only been tested sparsely. I'm a single developer and created this web app in my spare time for free and for fun, so I don't have the time and resources to test all possible devices, web browsers and scenarios. This web app is open source, feel free to support it by extending compatibility or optimizing mobile / tablet use! If you find a bug or problem with the newest versions of Firefox / Safari / Edge / Chrome, please report it on GitHub or contact me.

APIs are public with varying response speeds depending on their overall usage and workload. In addition, they might be throttling individual users (as identified by IP address) when they perform too many queries in a row. Checking your internet connection, only querying what's really important, switching to another API and trying again later might help!

Sometimes (particularly with unstable internet connections) queries seem to run forever. In case you want to cancel loading, activate 'Autosave results locally' (see autosave) and refresh the page. You can deactivate autosave afterwards again.

The data is usually incomplete. Some DOIs cannot be found at all in some APIs and for those that are found, often some metadata like authors, abstracts or reference-lists are missing or sometimes incorrect. For the local citation network and 'Top Cited', the completeness of the reference-lists is most important.

The estimated completeness of the reference-lists can be seen above the search bar in the "Seed Articles" tab and is calculated in the following way: For OpenAlex it is the fraction of Seed Articles that have reference-lists themselves (multiplied by the fraction of specified DOIs found, in case of a custom input list).

Semantic Scholar and Crossref allow for more subtle calculation, as they often also provide the total reference count, which is often larger than the reference-list of DOIs (older references often don't have DOIs and neither do some specific books, papers, conference abstracts or web links). The estimated completeness is thus calculated as the product of three fractions:

1. Source reference completeness: (Number of Seed Articles found in API) / (Total reference count of source or total number of lines in custom input list)
2. (Number of Seed Articles (excluding source) that have reference-lists themselves) / (Number of Seed Articles excluding source)
3. Average Seed Articles' reference completeness among those Seed Articles that do have reference-lists: (Length of reference-list) / (Total reference count)

You can use the bookmarklet to open reference lists in their original order. Alternatively, you can use Crossref, which does seem to save the original order of references. See here how to switch the API used.

Bibliometrics is a part of information science that uses statistical methods to analyze publications. It emcompasses scientometrics, which is specifically looking at scientific publications, and citation analysis.

Nowadays, there are many tools similar in spirit to this one: Citation Gecko, Connected Papers, Litmaps, Inciteful and ResearchRabbit, among others. Aaron Tay has written a blog post in 06/2021 for comparison.

Other great software to help with bibliometric / scientometric analyses include Anne-Wil Harzing's Publish or Perish, which allows sophisticated queries of a plethora of APIs including Crossref but also Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science. If you're looking to create more complex networks than this web app allows, check out the Leiden University's great VOSviewer and CitNetExplorer, which allow you to create and customize everything from citation networks to author networks, university networks and journal networks. VOSviewer also allows text mining and co-occurrence networks.

Unfortunately Google Scholar doesn't share their data and discourages webscraping. It doesn't have an API.

It's great to see you're getting involved! While I see numerous ways to extend this project myself, I don't have much time to work on it anymore unfortunately. However, this web app is open source and I'd be very happy to see others extend this project! In the meantime, check out these great applications, which might already provide what you're looking for.

Yes, great! This project is open source (GPL-3) and the source can be found on GitHub. I don't have much more time to work on this project, so I'm actively looking for help and contributors. Bugfixes are always welcome but please contact me before any large pull-requests so we can coordinate.

No, this web app doesn't use any cookies. No user-tracking or fingerprinting is performed and no usage-data is collected by the author of this web app. Optionally, so-called localStorage can be used to cache results and settings locally when "Autosave results locally" is manually turned on (see autosave).

This web app is running locally on your computer and only contacts the API servers during runtime. Crossref has a general privacy statement. This web app is hosted by GitHub pages, see their privacy statement here.

This web app uses Vue.js, Buefy and vis.js Network. I opted against using content delivery networks (CDN) to speed up delivery of these JavaScript libraries and thus initial loading-time, because of the potential user-tracking by CDNs. If you're interested, this rising problem is partly countered by the great browser-plugin Decentraleyes (see their FAQ for more details).

I'm Tim Woelfle from Germany and started creating this project 2019 during the literature review for my Master's thesis. I've often manually scanned reference lists of papers to identify seminal articles and thought this must be automized. You can contact me on Twitter or by e-mail.